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References  
  1. nick pisarsky, (2008). potayto-potahto-lets call the whole thing off: trademark protection of product sounds. connecticut law review , 800

  2. 15 u.s.c. 1052: “no trade-mark…shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it…”

  3. 37 c.f.r. § 2.52

  4. 37 c.f.r. § 2.52(e)

  5. the description of the mark reads thus, “the mark comprises a sequence of chime-like musical notes which are in the key of c and sound the notes g, e, c, the "g" being the one just below middle c, the "e" the one just above middle c, and the "c" being middle c, thereby to identify applicant's broadcasting service.”

  6. us tm reg no. 916522, see: http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=72349496&action=request+status, (last visited may 5, 2010)

  7. qualitex co. v. jacobson products co., 514 u.s. 159, 162 (1995)


  8. in re n.v. organon, 79 u.s.p.q. 2d 1639


  9. inwood laboratories vs. ives laboratories, inc.

  10. 671 f.2d 1332, 1340

  11. us tm reg. no. 2463044

  12. us tm reg. no. 2596156

  13. in re n.v. organon, 79 u.s.p.q. 2d 1639

  14. 15 u.s.c. 1052(e)(5)

  15. 456 u.s. 844 cited in roger. e. schechter and john. r. thomas, intellectual property- the law of copyright, patents and trade marks, p. 588 (west publishing co., 2003)

  16. qualitex co. v. jacobson products co., 514 u.s. 159, 162 (1995)

  17. in re minnesota mining and manufacturing co., 335 f.2d 836 (c.c.p.a. 1964), where the applicant

    sought to register the triangular shape of a chemical cake. the us ccpa granted registration to the tm

    as the shape was arbitrary and had no functional value.

  18. schwinn bicycle co. v. murray ohio mfg. co., 339 f. supp. 973, 980 and in re morton-norwich prods.,

    inc. 671 f.2d 1332, 1340

  19. ralf sieckmann v. deutsches patentund markenamt (c-273/00)

  20. directive 89/104/eec “a trade mark may consist of any sign capable of being represented graphically, particularly words, including personal names, designs, letters, numerals, the shape of goods or of their packaging...”

  21. (ec) no 40/94 of 20 december 1993

  22. ralf sieckmann v. deutsches patentund markenamt (c-273/00)

  23. metro-goldwyn-mayer lion.s corp application case r-781/1999-4

  24. edgar rice burroughs, inc case r 708/2006-4 dated 27.09.2007

  25. supra note 5, part i above

  26. ralf sieckmann v. deutsches patentund markenamt (c-273/00), also see: shield mark bv v. kist [2005] 1 c.m.l.r. 41 where the ecj rejected an application for registration of tm over a verbally described jingle followed by crowing

  27. metro-goldwyn-mayer lion.s corp application case r-781/1999-4

  28. ralf sieckamm vs. deutches patent-und markenamt

  29. roth, m. e., something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue: a new tradition in nontraditional trademark registrations, cardozo law review, october, 2005, 457-495

  30. § 2(zb) trade marks act, 1999

  31. trade mark rules 2002, regulation 2(1)(k)

  32. see lionel bently & brad sherman, intellectual property law, p. 797 (oxford university press, 2nd ed., 2004) for discussion on the proviso to section 3 and section 47 (1) of the trade marks act, 1994 of u.k. which embodies similar provisions.

  33. r2(1)(k)“…it is essential for traders to be able to identify with clarity what the registered trade mark is...”

  34. regulation 29(3), trade mark rules 2002

  35. see: draft trade mark manual, 2009 p. 74

 
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